4. The diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction in the presence of normal LVEF may be difficult in the setting of significant overlap between Doppler indices in healthy individuals, and normal changes with aging. Which of the following considerations in evaluating diastolic function should be taken into account when assessing diastolic function?
a. Mitral E/A ratio and e’ velocity are age-independent and may be used in the young and elderly to assess diastolic dysfunction.
b. Estimates of pulmonary artery systolic pressure may be age-dependent.
c. The difference in duration between pulmonary vein Ar velocity and mitral A velocity age-dependent.
d. Changes in mitral inflow velocities with Valsalva maneuver may be useful in any age range.
e. All of the above.
D. A mudança de fluxo através da valva mitral com a execução da manobra de Valsalva pode ser útil também em idosos.
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